The Human Genome Project: Advantages and Disadvantages

3 Steps to Acing Your Upcoming Group Interview You’ve been approached in for a board meet. Perhaps you’re threatened. Perhaps frightened. Possibly you’re not even sure you comprehend what that really involves. Whatever your degree of fear, here are three simple strides to traversing your board meet tranquilly and in one piece. Stage 1: BEFOREYou reserve the privilege to ask who will be on your board. Do this. At that point inquire about each board part as well as could be expected. You’ll have the option to make sense of a considerable amount and get ready better for what each may be generally quick to ask you. What does this specific gathering of individuals educate you regarding what the organization is attempting to assess?You can likewise ask to what extent (generally) the meeting should last. This will give you a nice sentiment for what amount to and fro conversation will be conceivable, how much space you’ll be given to pose inquiries, to what extent your answers can be, etc.Step 2: DURING Treat every individual on the board like an individual not simply one more anonymous face. This isn't an indifferent divider asking you inquiries. Every questioner on your board is another chance to make a human association and persuade that a lot more individuals in the organization what an extraordinary fit you would be.Be sure to observe everybody’s name as they are presented. Record every one if that causes you recall. When responding to questions, talk straightforwardly to the person who asked, yet then attempt to widen your answer out to cause the remainder of the board to feel remembered for the discussion.Step 3: AFTERYou’ve took in their names and put forth an attempt to interface with each board part presently thank every single one of them earnestly withâ solid eye to eye connection and a quality handshake. From that point forward, it’s the typical post-meet follow-up methodology. Be that as it may, recall that you have to keep in touch with one card to say thanks for each board part. It appears to be a torment, however it’s these little contacts that will help set you apart.The board talk with: 6 hints for previously, during, and after

Integrated marketing communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Incorporated showcasing correspondence - Essay Example The objective gatherings that are utilized with the carbon impression of the UK and the administration is one that is distinguished by the attention to an Earth-wide temperature boost and lessening the carbon impression. The methodology is one which is needy first on discovering people that are keen on the carbon impression decrease and which can adjust and change how the administration can make a reaction to riding the transport and train. The objective gatherings will initially should be separated by those that drive and drive to work from various portions and areas of the town. By moving toward socioeconomics by region and by work segments, there will be the capacity to show the comfort that is a piece of the carbon impression. Joining this with the support and mindfulness will give significantly more chances to the objective gatherings and the desires that are related with this. The objective gathering by segment and territories in which people are found is one which is trailed b y improving the objective gathering with correspondence strategies. The people should see the advantages of driving to work. Comfort, sparing the earth, decreasing the carbon impression and supporting government activities is a portion of the correspondence strategies which can be utilized. Consolidating this with the instructive perspective of the carbon impression will assist with urging much more drivers to take the transport or train while spurring people to discover advantageous and oversimplified approaches to decrease the carbon footprint.... As this develops, there will be the capacity to extend the mediums into a feeling of advanced network and informal promoting to expand the prominence of driving potential (Winer, 2009: 15). The capacity to work with IMS is one which can encourage the correspondence by permitting clients to work explicitly with the choices for driving. The IMS is one that is joined with taking a gander at portions that might be keen on various kinds of driving choices. Consolidating this with endeavors for advanced associations will improve the correspondence that is utilized. Rather than making benefits that are just founded on the desires and advantages, informal exchange and purchaser connection can assist with delivering an alternate degree of prevalence to the drive while making an alternate dynamic toward different fragments. This will likewise give input to expand the drive choices, explicitly with giving the objective markets incorporated choices for better driving, simpler methods of interfac ing with others and choices to build the ideas of utilizing a drive choice instead of the need to include accommodation inside the workspace (Jiang, 2010: 33). 2. The Brockholes area is one which requires a portioned advertise between organizations for meeting appointments and the diversion that is accessible for families. These particular objective markets can additionally be isolated by premiums, explicitly in light of the experience trails, guest focus and disclosure territories. The food shop and blessing shop just as specific exercises for wild winged animals can help give significantly more options in contrast to those that are taking a gander at the various alternatives for the meeting appointments and family visits. To make the correct methodology, there should be correspondence about

Essay Topics For To Kill A Mockingbird

Essay Topics For To Kill A MockingbirdWhile it may not be easy to choose the right essay topics for to kill a mockingbird, it is definitely something that you must do. The question is whether or not the topic is going to be something that has some value to people or not. It can be anything you wish. There are some essay topics for to kill a mockingbird that you can choose from, and there are others that you will not like.A topic that is a favorite among many students is the story of Mark Twain's The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. You could choose any book, but some students like to see how it would change if you have a shorter book. This is an idea for students who want to make their essay even shorter. This is a great topic for students who wish to explore different types of literature. A lot of students enjoy seeing the lessons they are teaching in a broader perspective. In a sense, this is a step back in time.It is also a good idea for students to look at the different definition s of the term that students may have. There are different meanings for a jousting bull. Some students would rather hear about the royal jousting that happened during the reign of Queen Victoria. Others would want to see how an animal fights back. There are really many different things that students can look at. This is why a reader will be interested in your essay topics for to kill a mockingbird.One thing that you do not want to do is have a serious part of the book written in the middle. People who read this type of essay often want to see the humor that is present. Students will also not want to read a complicated and lengthy section about some scientific theories that are very technical. It is not going to help the reader if he or she is confused. Ifyou are writing about the evolution of humans, it is good to keep the tone light and fun. You do not want to confuse the reader with too much detail.When writing your essay topics for to kill a mockingbird, you will have to choose on e that appeals to you. There are many different things that you can include in your essay topics for to kill a mockingbird. You do not have to include a thesis statement. It is up to you what you feel the piece should be about. Most likely, you are going to have to do some research on a particular topic if you are writing for a course at school. It is good to research the background of the topic that you are writing about.The hardest part about writing your essay topics for to kill a mockingbird is actually choosing which one to write. There are a few different ways that you can go about doing this. If you are writing for a class, the first thing that you should do is choose a topic that appeals to the professor. This will ensure that your essay will be more engaging to the reader. However, if you are writing for yourself, then you should choose a topic that you feel that would be interesting and challenging.Writing your essay topics for to kill a mockingbird is not as hard as you m ay think. You just have to choose one that appeals to you and makes sense to you. It is also important to keep your essay short. People love long essays. For this reason, students who do not want to spend much time on their essay will want to keep it as short as possible.

Type Of Practice / Location / Office Hours / Accessibility

Type of Practice/Location/Office Hours/Accessibility The Saint-Phard Medical Practice is a single-specialty medical group, which consists of two internal medicine physicians. It is located at 1234 S. Blackstone Ave, Chicago, Illinois. The office hours are Monday through Friday 9 A.M to 5 P.M. Patients can contact the practice via telephone to set appointments. Mission Statement The Saint-Phard Medical Practice’s mission is to deliver exceptional outpatient healthcare to individuals in the Chicago area. The practice is committed to four main principles community, integrity, reliability, and innovation. Vision Statement Our vision is to be the leading medical practice in the community by offering outstanding cost-effective care to create a healthier community. Value Statement The Saint-Phard Medical Group is committed to offering a diverse and safe working environment for our staff and patients. Moreover, we are dedicated to offering equitable treatment to all patients. Services Offered The Saint-Phard Medical Practice is a single-specialty medical practice; therefore, the services offered have to reflect that. The services offered can be divided into four main categories: family planning, nursing services, rehabilitation, and prevention. Family planning services focuses on prenatal, antenatal, and postnatal care. These services include routine physicals for both mother and child. Nursing services encompasses radiology services such as x-rays, routine labs such asShow MoreRelatedThe Problem Of Home Health Care1176 Words   |  5 PagesHome health care is type of care where patients are treated in their home for an injury or sickness. According to Medicare.gov, this care is usually cheap, more expedient than and as effective as any care in a hospital and a highly priced nursing home. 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Essay on Fixing the Health Care System in America

For the last five years of my life I have worked in the healthcare industry. One of the biggest issues plaguing our nation today has been the ever rising cost of health care. If we dont get costs under control, we risk losing the entire system, as well as potentially crippling our economy. For the sake of our future, we must find a way to lower the cost of health care in this nation. Last year the average cost of an insurance policy for a family of four was $20,728.00 according to the Milliman Medical Index (2012 Milliman Medical Index, figure 1). The median household income for 2012 was $51,017.00 according to Steve Hargreaves for CNN Money (2013, para. 1). This means the average American spends almost 40.62 percent of health†¦show more content†¦Rather than having the other claims adjusted, the provider insisted that we not look into the matter further because they did not want us to take back any money. Sadly this is just one example of fraud; it is not uncommon to see providers change the coding of claims to get something that they know should not be paid to process for payment. Cracking down on this type of fraud will reduce the amount of money paid out on claims by insurance carriers. Since claims payments directly affect the cost of insurance, this will also help in lowering premiums. Another issue contributing to the high cost of health care is inefficient use of premium dollars from insurance companies. I am proud to say that the insurance company I work for does a great job of making proper use of insurance premiums. As a company we use on average 8 cents of every premium dollar. This means that 92 Percent of each dollar goes to paying patients claims and building reserves. Unfortunately this is not as common as it should be. 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How to Use the Internet More Effectively free essay sample

It has become a part of the existing so that a one cannot do without it. Technology is used widely in different place for different purposed. Technology represents man’s attempt to make life easier (Younkins, 2000). In an Explanatory note, technology simply reflects users belief of how technology can provide a soft life. Internet is one of hundred technology applications. The word Internet is sometime abbreviated (net) by the users. Internet has wide usages that facilitate human lifetime. However, using the Internet effectively is a big challenge currently because everyone use it based on his interests. Internet can be used effectively for communication, education, and e-commerce. Communication is a popular method of using Internet adequately. Humans’ interacting with others is a fundamental need considering the innate sociable creation of the humans. The communication revolution has made the global a small community. For instance, keeping in touch with others who are from different countries and cultures is a one gain of communication. We will write a custom essay sample on How to Use the Internet More Effectively? or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Connecting others also implies making new friends,sharing new information, photos, and videos. The role of social media websites like Facebook and Twitter in communication is a vital role ; as they are easy to deal with. Anyone can across the network via his or her personal computer, laptop, or phone plus a wireless connection. Moreover, Internet facilitates urgent meetings for many agencies which have multiple branches in different countries. In addition , it has developed the way of debating. Debaters from different countries can debate online without needing to travel, and this is such a great experience. For example, two years ago, I was a debater in the American-Qatari Debating team. We were divided into two teams. Although half of my team members were living in America, we did not face any problems in sharing our ideas about the topics. Internet has played a central role in exchanging our ideas. Those online debates were held online in Qatar Science and Technology Park by Ciscos Telepresence technology, and they represent the most powerful evidence of the effective usage of the Internet in communication. Internet is commonly used in the educational field. It has intervened almost contemporary educational techniques. Both teachers and students have been dependent upon Internet as an online learning source. In classrooms, the internet helps students to get the concepts clearly when the teacher supports the ideas with Youtube videos and soft pictures. Conducting an academic research online is much easier than before. The Internet gives the user an opportunity to access incredible amount of information ( Carr , 2010) . There are many different search engines, virtual reference shelves, and directories that have been created to assist students and researchers to get published studies, databases, journals, articles, government documents, and other reliable information resources. Moreover, students can get online books through searching on the Internet. Consequently, research work can be done without having to travel long distance on foot looking for a book somewhere. An e-book can be found just through Internet on a website. Internet can be exploited excellently in e-commerce. Due to the Internet, the ways of shopping, advertising, and booking have changed. Many people prefer the services which are provided online because of their spectacular benefits comparing with other services. Online shopping has changed the way of our classical shopping. It is commonly known that online shopping provides lower prices of high quality products. Besides, it provides many items which are not sold in the local markets. Furthermore, online advertising is a very fast and cheap way for advertising, and this is due to the huge number of Internet users around the world. Internet also can be used for booking. Many people prefer booking their travels tickets according to the lower costs comparing with the costs of the traveling agencies offices. To conclude, Internet is very essential to be used in communicating with others, due to its great benefits of providing various options of communication. For example, oral, visual, and written. The students and teachers usage of Internet has simplified the way of learning and teaching. It has developed the way of the critical thinking, and searching. Similarly, peoples’ usual daily necessary services were speeded up thanks to the Interne. In other words, a click may provide a busy persons need without going out. Although Internet was created to simplify the daily life, many people are excessive users of Internet. It was found that 71% of young Internet users are Internet addicts (Tian , 2010 ). In my perspective, Internet users should limit the amount of the spent time using the Internet to prevent themselves from wasting their time.

Project management approaches for dynamic environments Essay Example

Project management approaches for dynamic environments Paper These projects are challenged by the rapid introduction of new unknowns as they progress. One might say they are more akin to stacking worms than stacking bricks. The difficulties posed by these projects are identified and the literature is reviewed for suitable approaches. ? 2008 Elsevier Ltd and MAMA. All rights reserved. Key. Fords: Project management; Dynamic 1. Introduction This paper sets out to investigate the nature of projects conducted in fast changing environments. Examples and theory are used to illustrate the nature and challenges of this category. Suitable management approaches are identified under the allowing headings: Planning, Experimentation, Lifestyle, Controls, Culture, Communication, and Leadership style. 2. The dynamic project category The paper closes with recommendations for further research. In this paper, control is taken to mean the mechanisms through which resources are managed to achieve objectives and is different to the MAMBO technique [2] which is strictly focused on bringing activities in line with a plan [3]. The term dynamic is taken to mean characterized by constant change [4]. In the project management context dynamism is taken to be a dimension of a project hat represents the extent to which a project is influenced by changes in the environment in which it is conducted. Corresponding author. Address: ITS Project Office, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, SLD 4072, Australia. Tell. : +61 7 33654935; fax: +61 401 E-mail add Reese: [emailprotected] Com (S. Collier). 0263-7863/$36. 00 2008 Elsevier Ltd and MAMA All rights reserved. DOI:1 0. 1 016/j. Sparkman. 2008. 04. 04 This paper argues that this is a non-binary dimension that applies in varying degrees to all projects, so strictly any given project is neither dynamic nor not dynamic. All projects have some agree of dynamism, so the dimension is not dichotomy. Therefore, the ideas in this paper may be applied in varying degrees to any project as deemed appropriate. For the sake of simplicity though, for the remainder of this paper, a dynamic project is taken to be one that is necessarily subject to hi gher than normal levels of change due to the environment in which it is conducted. We will write a custom essay sample on Project management approaches for dynamic environments specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Project management approaches for dynamic environments specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Project management approaches for dynamic environments specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The business environment is changing at an increasing pace [5-7]. Retell and Ziegfeld [8] went so far as to say we are in the midst of a technology explosion. They argued that 90% of our technical knowledge has been generated in he last 55 years, and that technical knowledge will continue to increase exponentially. Perrine and Tipping [9] reported the pace of technology is accelerating raising the stakes and risks for managing innovation, and requiring early warning and shorter response time. Change, in all forms of technology and business processes, can be regarded as increasingly pervasive and providing challenges even where high technology is not a core business, such as in mining [10]. Consider how the Australian Submarine project was challenged by developments in the IT industry between the sass design phase, and sea trials decades later [7]. This paper will now investigate dynamic projects from a theoretical point of view. Gray and Larson [1 1] argued that 356 S. Collier, C. M. J. Warren / International Journal of Project Management 27 (2009) 355-364 projects conducted in highly uncertain environments are a key unresolved project management issue and present the following challenges: planning for uncertain outcomes; balancing flexibility with reliability and accountability; balancing decision quality against decision speed; timing scope freeze during rapid change. Pick, Loch and De Meyer [12] describe a type of project hat encounters unknown unknowns and how it is best suited to what they called a learning strategy which involves scanning, problem solving and flexibility. They argue that this is distinct from projects conducted in well understood environments which are suited to instructions, and distinct from selections where the most fruitful initiative is chosen after a pool of trials. Turner and Cochran [131 espouse the goals and methods matrix that describes four different types of project according to how well defined the methods and goals are. Projects can have poorly defined oils (fire) or poorly defined methods (Water), or both (aid). Sheehan and Weidman [14] describe a type of project that involves high levels of uncertainty, using technologies together for the first time. They call these high tech [14]. They also describe a type of project that actually creates new technologies, called super high tech. Sheehan [1 5] describes how low technology projects are typically performed in construction, production and utilities, and high technology projects in the computer, aerospace and electronics industries. He offers building and bridge construction as examples f low technology projects. The key difference to Sheehan is the level of development work involved, in that low technology projects have little, and high technology projects have considerable levels and usually require prototyping. Sheehan and Weidman [14] argue that another key difference is the number of design cycles. In low technology projects they say there is typically only one cycle with a freeze before development, and with high technology there are at least two, typically three cycles. Operational work Coif [1 6] suggests that projects be placed on a spectrum of newness from operational to project. The idea has been adapted in Fig. 1 to illustrate the sliding scale of unknowns that applies to projects. Unknowns in this sense refer to any aspect of the project, including the methods to achieve it, the objective, and the environment it has to operate in. The guide to the project management body of knowledge (MAMBO) [2] describes progressive elaboration, where planning is developed in greater detail as the project progresses. Using progressive elaboration to fill knowledge gaps, it might be possible to move a project to the left in Fig. 1, thereby achieving the objective in a more predictable fashion. However, paid changes in the environment, including tools and methods, and attempts to innovate, act to push the project to the right, increasing unknowns. The two forces Of exploration and change act against each other continuously throughout the project. The challenge is to conduct exploration at a greater rate than the emergence of environmental change. It is also important to ensure that the amount of change created by the exploration and implementation is not counterproductive overall. An example of Project A in Fig. 1 might be a production line where there only variable is the color required. Project B might e a house construction where there are more unknowns at the start but most are resolved in the early stages. Project C might be a software development project for a new business. The clients business processes, and the technologies used in the project, change during the course of execution, thereby affecting the methods used and goals. Projects conducted in environments with higher levels of dynamism may be more likely to pose some of the attributes of Shiners [1 5] high technology or super high technology categories with uncertainty at the start, but also include even more challenging high levels of change along the way. In dynamic project environments, significant proportions of the methods and goals are changed by external forces out of the projects control. The effort to resolve unknowns at the start of the project is severely challenged by the introduction of additional unknowns along the way, because what is learned can become obsolete in less time Dynamic project Classic project Knows unknowns Progressive Elaboration/Exploration Environmental Changes Innovation Fig. 1. The race to resolve project unknowns. (2009) 355-364 Table 1 The dynamic project category Work type Description Established controls. Operational processes. Lower levels of unknowns Requires the creation of new controls, usually a project plan, for a significantly new body of work, usually only carried out once. May have high levels of unknowns at the start but most resolved early, and few new unknowns arise during execution Requires the creation of new controls that are changed regularly during execution. Has high levels of unk nowns at the start and a high rate of new unknowns throughout. Must resolve the unknowns at a faster rate than they appear, and in time for completion Classic project Dynamic than it takes to learn. Materials, methods and goals are always moving, making projects more akin to stacking arms than stacking bricks. Table 1 attempts to describe the difference between operational work, classic project work, and projects with a strong dynamic dimension. The rate of resolving unknowns is especially critical on these projects. As soon as one engages in adjustment of scope to suit an uncontrollable environment one runs the risk of resolution lag. The rate at which unknowns are resolved must not only be sufficient to deal with those that existed at the start, but also those that appear during execution. For instance, assuming linear production and resolution of unknowns, the resolution rate must at least be equal to the appearance rate, plus enough to resolve unknowns that existed at the start (I. E. Number at start divided by the duration). The appearance rate will be quite high in a highly dynamic environment. Furthermore, unknowns may appear in inconvenient bursts, and certainly after planning is complete. Therefore, the rate of unknown resolution is a particular hazard for projects conducted in dynamic environments. 3. Illustration Two examples are provided to help illustrate the challenges of projects conducted in dynamic environments. Two subunits Of a single parent organization were selected on the basis that they had contrasting levels of dynamism. Both sub units had a mix of project types, but each appeared to have a higher proportion of one type. One sub unit had a higher proportion of projects utilizing the instructions approach and the other more utilizing the learning approach. In this paper one will be referred to as the static environment and the other as the dynamic environment, as a means to represent the relative levels of dynamism in each. Following is a description of challenges encountered by the higher levels of change in the dynamic environment. Product lifespan: the average mean time to failure (MITT) was three to four years compared to several cascades in the static environment. This meant that in a 357 given year one third of the products had to be replaced. There was very little that could be called operational. At any given point more than half of the environment was either being replaced or being planned for replacement. This also presented the sign efficient risk that materials would expire before the fall product was fully operational. Rate of introduction of new materials: most materials had only become available in the last three or four years, and were completely unknown less than a decade previously. By contrast most materials used in the static environment had been well understood for several decades, centuries, or even millennium, and the implementation methods were well understood and tuned. Difficulty finding and managing skilled labor: change led to a perpetually low level of knowledge about the properties of new materials, and how they should be implemented (methods), and therefore difficulty finding qualified resources. A sign efficient amount of study and certification was required to stay qualified in using an endless stream of new materials. It was regarded as almost impossible to Stay qualified and perform effectively as a manager at the same time. Staff promoted to management had to quickly decide teens giving up their qualifications or giving up good management. If they chose to be an effective manager, they had to do so without completely understanding the work their staff performed. This made it more difficult to manage, understand issues, and gauge performance. Level of integration with customer industry: while some organizations can execute relatively vanilla products for a range of contrasting clients, projects in the dynamic environment required significant customization and understanding of the client business. Changing goals: because customers were also operating in an environment of uncertainty and change, their acquirement also had a tendency to change rapidly. Affect on planning: in the dynamic environment new events that compromised plans arose rapidly throughout project delivery. The quantity of change made detailed plans difficult to maintain. In the time it took to adjust the plan, additional changes would occur. Analysis and decision making had to be conducted more rapidly than the emergence of new changes. Plans with excessive detail were found to be misleading and abandoned in favor Of a higher level or rolling wave approach. Even in the static environment, there could be too many unknowns at the start to be solved by the deadline, so the rapid introduction of new unknowns in the dynamic environment was doubly challenging. Morale: in the dynamic environment, well before a product or service was produced, thoughts had turned to the next generation, making the current goal seem less valuable or important. This made it difficult to maintain quality focus, or celebrate end points for reward and recognition. This in turn affected job satisfaction, 358 S. Collier, C. MS. Warren / International Journal of Project Management 27 morale and motivation. Lower product quality meant that deployed products required regular changes to continue their usefulness, and reliability. By comparison the visible achievement of a building lasts decades after it is complete. Levels of interdependence: projects were often intertwined with other projects and an existing dynamic environment. A change in one project had significant impact on other projects. The highly integrated nature of the environment, combined with high rates of change, made forward planning very challenging. Dependency on business units with much lower levels of dynamism who therefore may not respond as quickly, or understand the challenges being faced. Reduced business compatibility when an organization alls too far behind best practice, and find it difficult to recruit staff familiar with their environment. Sometimes technology used on a previous project simply does not exist any more, and new ones have to be used; low material life-spans (low MATT) and life-cycles (period before manufacture ceases permanently). This means that most materials, and therefore products, have to be replaced within three to four years, with a next generation material/product. Next generation materials/products usually have differing properties to the original, and this has a flow on affect to dependent products. While standards may be used extensively, omen variations in properties are deemed necessary to achieve improvements. . Project management approaches for dynamic environ meets An industry with a strong public safety requirement may be attracted to the make static approach. This requirement can help justify funds to test and implement strategies, and this can mitigate the reliability disadvantages of early adoption; consider the medical and the aircraft construction industries as examples. Conversely t he IT industry cannot easily leverage public safety to justify costs, so it trades reliability for faster delivery, of new functionality, at lower costs. Jones argues that technology product lifestyles are now measured in months, compared to the car industry in years (about five), and in construction change in product technology is very limited and products such as steel girders and electrical cable may remain in the mature stage indefinitely Although the make static approach has merits, it also has limitations, and so other approaches are a necessary part of the mix. The intention here is to review literature to provide a broad overview of approaches that might be used to better deal with dynamic environments. Approaches were broken down as follows: Environment manipulation making dynamic static. Planning approaches for dynamic environments. Scope control for dynamic environments. Controlled experimentation. Lifestyle strategies. Management controls: input, behavior and output, diagnostic, belief, interactive and boundary. Culture and communication for dynamic environments. Categorization. Leaders IP style. 4. 1 . Environment manipulation make dynamic static The most obvious approach to deal with the challenges of a dynamic environment is to attempt to make it more static by resisting change. This could be achieved by: freezing objective and design. Rejecting change requests; reducing or delaying adoption of new (esp.. Unproven) technologies or techniques; extending the life of existing systems. In highly dynamic environments the benefits of the make static approach are countered by challenges such as: lost opportunity and productivity though delayed implementation of new approaches, materials or business objectives, that provide significant benefits, despite the challenges; reduced business competitiveness, especially when competing organizations offer, or make use of, new systems which are often more effective; 4. 2. Planning approaches for dynamic environments Project management, as defined by the bodies of knowledge, is focused mostly on a management-as-planning view of control and appears to be an appropriate approach for projects with clear goals and methods [13]. However, Slake and Howell [17] argue that for speedy projects, traditional project management is simply counterproductive; it creates self-inflicted problems that seriously undermine performance. The problem is that events arise at faster rates than is practical to re-plan Attempting detailed long term planning for these projects can waste time and resources, and lead to false expectations.